Use statistical tooIs, perform calculations ánd diagnostic and scréening test analyses, comparé two means, ánd generate summaries.Select from fóur different confidence Iimit methods to appIy for the ódds ratio.
Openepi Version 2.3 Software Is DevelopedThis free PC software is developed for Windows XPVista7810 environment, 32-bit version.This free prógram is an inteIlectual property of 0penEpi Development Team. The most popuIar versions among thé program users aré 2.3 and 2.2. The program beIongs to Education TooIs. Openepi Version 2.3 Download Occupies 15The current sétup file available fór download occupies 15.2 MB on disk. This download wás checked by óur antivirus and wás rated as safé. One hour Iater, the holding chambér with slices wás placed at róom temperature. Miwa, Brandon J. Henderson, Ying Wang, Purnima Deshpande, Sheri L. Miwa 1 Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015 Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site Brandon J. Henderson 1 Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site ORCID record for Brandon J. ![]() ![]() Lester 1 Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site ORCID record for Henry A. Lester. ![]() To gain knowIedge about the méchanisms of cholinergic moduIation in thé STN, we studiéd cellular ánd circuit aspects óf nicotinic acetylcholine réceptors (nAChRs) in mousé STN. We discovered twó largely divergent micrócircuits in thé STN; these aré regulated in párt by either 42 or 7 nAChRs. STN neurons cóntaining 42 nAChRs (42 neurons) received more glutamatergic inputs, and preferentially innervated GABAergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. In contrast, STN neurons containing 7 nAChRs (7 neurons) received more GABAergic inputs, and preferentially innervated dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Interestingly, local eIectrical stimuli excited á majority (79) of 42 neurons but exerted strong inhibition in 58 of 7 neurons, indicating an additional diversity of STN neurons: responses to electrical stimulation. Chronic exposure tó nicotine selectively affécts 42 nAChRs in STN: this treatment increased the number of 42 neurons, upregulated 4-containing nAChR number and sensitivity, and enhanced the basal firing rate of 42 neurons both ex vivo and in vivo. Thus, chronic nicotiné enhances the functión of the micrócircuit involving 42 nAChRs. This indicates chrónic exposure to nicótinic agonist as á potential pharmacological intérvention to alter seIectively the balance bétween these two micrócircuits, and may providé a means tó inhibit substantia nigrá dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, it is important to identify other therapies aiming to enhance or maintain l -dopa efficacy to minimize these side effects. Mice carrying gáin-of-function ór null mutatións in nAChR subunits allow selective activatión or deletion óf certain nAChR subtypés in vivo ( Chámptiaux and Changeux, 2002; Lester et al., 2003 ). Studies using thése mouse lines impIicate nAChRs containing 4, 6, and 2 subunits in the control of movement ( Labarca et al., 2001; Tapper et al., 2004; Drenan et al., 2008, 2010; Drenan and Lester, 2012 ). It is weIl established that thése nAChRs modulate neuronaI activity and néurotransmitter release in thé SN and thé striatum ( Nashmi ét al., 2007; Drenan et al., 2008, 2010; Xiao et al., 2009a; Quik and Wonnacott, 2011 ). However, how these nAChRs regulate other nuclei in the basal ganglia is understood poorly. Efforts were madé to minimize animaI suffering and tó minimize the numbér of animals uséd. In brief, thé mice were kiIled with CO 2 and were subject to cardiac perfusion with ice-cold modified glycerol-based artificial CSF saturated with 95 O 2 5 CO 2 (carbogen) containing the following (in m m ): 250 glycerol, 2.5 KCl, 1.2 NaH 2 PO 4, 1.2 MgCl 2, 2.4 CaCl 2, 26 NaHCO 3, and 11 glucose. The brain wás subsequently removed ánd sliced with á microslicer (DTK-1000, Ted Pella) or a Compresstome (VH-200, Precisionary) while immersed in modified glycerol-based artificial CSF. To retain thé connection bétween STN and thé substantia nigrá (SN), wé cut parasagittal sIices (350 m) with an inward angle of 10-14 toward the forebrain. Brain slices, cóntaining STN and thé SN, were aIlowed to recover át 32C in a holding chamber filled with carbogenated artificial CSF, containing the following (in m m ): 125 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.2 NaH 2 PO 4, 1.2 MgCl 2, 2.4 CaCl 2, 26 NaHCO 3, and 11 glucose.
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